![]() The bombers faced little resistance and around 20,000 civilians were killed. On the night of 13/14 February 1945, 796 Lancasters took part in a joint British and American mission to bomb the eastern German city of Dresden. In 1942 in an attempt to break German morale the RAF began attacking German towns and cities in earnest. This was the home of the Nazis’ secret missile program, which was developing deadly V1 and V2 rockets.ĥ96 planes, including 324 Lancasters dropped 1,800 tons of bombs on Peenemunde, destroying the factories and research facilities and setting back the missile program by between three and six months. On 17 and 18 August 1943, they took part in ‘Operation Hydra’ bombing the military test site at Peenemunde in Northern Germany. However the mission became legendary and was a great boost to British morale. Eight of the 19 Lancasters that took part were lost with the loss of 56 men: 53 died and 3 were captured. Two of the four dams targeted were destroyed and the raids flooded mines, factories and houses for 50 miles. The missiles were designed to skim across the water, hit the dam and sink to the bottom unleashing enough explosive power to breach the structure. In a series of moonlit raids the Lancasters flew very low and dropped ‘bouncing bombs’. 617, of 19 modified Lancasters attacked dams across Germany to disrupt industrial production. Here are some of the operations you could have faced… The ‘Dambusters’ Staff your Tank Crew with men and women with the right specializations, skills and. Despite its slow speed, the armored crew cabin, firepower and ability to navigate through the rough terrain of No Man’s Land allowed the stalemate to be broken. Lancaster crews took part in 156,000 missions and dropped 618,378 tons of bombs on targets in Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe. Tanks were developed during World War 1 in response to the stalemate caused by trench warfare. These results have implications in terms of the processes underlying SOT performance and also in terms of the spatial abilities required to be a good bomber pilot.The Lancaster was the work-horse of RAF Bomber Command and the most successful bomber of World War Two. Performance on the SOT was also better in people who were highly confident and reported little anxiety about navigation. Finally, correlations among the six tests showed common cognitive components between the SOT and the other spatial tests. Although giving more time to participants to complete the SOT improved their performance, it did not affect the magnitude of sex differences. Results supported the expectation that men would perform better than women on the SOT. She tested 41 men and 60 women, asking them to complete the Spatial Orientation Test (SOT), along with a number of tests relevant to navigation skills and attitudes: the Santa Barbara Sense of Direction Scale (a self-report measure of navigation abilities), the Perspective Taking/Spatial Orientation Test (mostly relevant to the ability to orient oneself in relation to objects viewed from different perspectives), the Landscape Perception Test (a measure of the ability to perform 2D to 3D transformation and vice-versa in imagination), the Spatial Anxiety Scale (a self-report measure of the anxiety one experiences when in situations where navigation and spatial abilities are required), and the Spatial Self-Confidence Scale (a self-report measure of confidence with handling navigation and spatial situations). Essentially, we viewed this test as a potentially solid measure of map reading abilities. Twelve lettered sections (from A to L) are divided by white lines on each map and the test-takers are asked to identify the section of the map in which the photographed section can be found. The scale of the photographs is always 10 times larger than that of the map. On each page, a military map of various locations in the United States and four aerial photographs are presented. This part of the test measures the ability to locate on a map the places shown in photographs. Ability: Hull Breach Romulan: This faction's Officers offer utility and health growth. Ability: Morale Klingon: Klingon Officers are mainly focused on attack. However, to keep testing time reasonable, we used only the second part of this test as it produced the best predictive validity for successful completion of bomber pilot training in the Second World War. Officers belong to factions, and based on that, they share some general characteristics and abilities as follows: Federation: Officers of this faction are defense-oriented. The original test consists of two parts, with part 1 presenting items with large black and white aerial views of a given location and requiring the test-taker to identify the location of specific features on this map, presented as small black and white aerial views. ![]() This test was of particular interest to us because it is basically a measure of the ability for perspective taking from a map-based aerial perspective. ![]() Aside from providing an interesting glimpse into history, the report generated by DuBois and his many colleagues made my student and I aware of a measure that was aptly named the “Spatial Orientations Test”. ![]()
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